20 World’s Largest Technology Companies in 2023

20 World’s Largest Technology Companies in 2023 – According to the Annual Report of technology companies in 2023, there are 15 World’s Largest Technology Companies. Financially, these companies have billions of US Dollars of revenue, net income, and total assets. From time to time, many people still fully depend on these companies to help with their daily desk or jobs. Maybe some of our life was driven by their products and services and some people know these companies due to the huge impact on our life.  

Financially, technology companies always strive to serve innovative products with miscellaneous differentiation. Some of their products can simplify our activity.  Here are the 20 World’s Largest Technology companies. This data was obtained from the Annual Report of the company in 2023. Basically, the data were analyzed and ranked by assets and net income. Therefore, the business performance and financial position of the company can become an indicator of the levels of the company.

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20 World’s Largest Technology Companies Based on The Total Assets in 2023

Rank	Name of Company	Assets	Assets	Liabilities	Liabilities
		Origin Currency	US Dollar (USD)	Origin Currency	US Dollar (USD)
1	Amazon	$ 527 billion	$ 527 billion	$ 325 billion	$ 325 billion
2	Microsoft Corporation	$ 411 billion	$ 411 billion	$ 205 billion	$ 205 billion
3	Alphabet	$ 402 billion	$ 402 billion	$ 119 billion	$ 119 billion
4	Apple	$ 352 billion	$ 352 billion	$ 290 billion	$ 290 billion
5	Samsung Electronic	$ 349 billion	$ 349 billion	$ 70.6 billion	$ 70.6 billion
6	Alibaba	$ 244 billion	$ 244 billion	$ 90.3 billion	$ 90.3 billion
7	Sony	JPY 34,100 billion	$ 235 billion	JPY 26,351 billion	$ 181 billion
8	Facebook	$ 229 billion	$ 229 billion	$ 76.4 billion	$ 76.4 billion
9	Tencent Corporation	RMB 1,577 billion	$ 220 billion	RMB 703 billion	$ 98.4 billion
10	Intel Corporation	$ 191 billion	$ 191 billion	$ 81.6 billion	$ 81.6 billion
11	HUAWEI	RMB 1,263 billion	$ 176 billion	RMB 756 billion	$ 105 billion
12	Taiwan Semiconductor	TWD 4,874 billion	$ 146 billion	TWD 1,415 billion	$ 42.4 billion
13	Oracle Corporation	$ 140 billion	$ 140 billion	$ 131 billion	$ 131 billion
14	IBM	$ 135 billion	$ 135 billion	$ 112 billion	$ 112 billion
15	FOXCONN	TWD 3,939 billion	$ 118 billion	TWD 2,353 billion	$ 70 billion
16	Cisco Systems	$ 101 billion	$ 101 billion	$ 57.4 billion	$ 57.4 billion
17	Hitachi	JPY 12,221 billion	$ 84 billion	JPY 6,518 billion	$ 44 billion
18	Dell Technologies	$ 82 billion	$ 82 billion	$ 84.3 billion	$ 84.3 billion
19	Broadcom	$ 72 billion	$ 72 billion	$ 48.8 billion	$ 48.8 billion
21	NVIDIA	$ 65.7 billion	$ 65.7 billion	$ 22.7 billion	$ 22.7 billion
20	ASML	EUR 39.9 billion	$ 44 billion	EUR 26.5 billion	$ 29.4 billion
Source: Annual Report, 2023
Origin Currency: Currency Which Officially Used in Annual Report of 2023
US Dollar: Converted Currency from Origin Currency into US Dollar Based on Currency Rate
Currency Rates:
	1 Taiwan Dollar (TWD) = 0.03 US Dollar (USD)
	1 Renminbi (RMB) = 0.14 US Dollar (USD)
	1 Japanese Yen (JPY) = 0.0069 US Dollar (USD)
	1 Euro (EUR) = 1.11 US Dollar (USD)

 

The rank above was arranged by the assets of the company in 2023. The condition of assets, liabilities, and equities comes from the Balance sheet of the company in 2023. The Balance sheets, basically, describe the financial positions of assets, liabilities, and equities of the company. A strong company has fewer liabilities than assets. The bigger assets ratio than liabilities showed the healthier of the company. With this condition, the company which has fewer debts in doing its business can expand its business effectively. On the contrary, if the liabilities are bigger than the assets, it would be a burden on the company in developing the business in the future.

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20 World’s Largest Technology Companies Based on Net Income/ Profit in 2023

Rank	Name of Company	Revenue	Revenue	Net Income	Net Income
		Origin Currency	US Dollar (USD)	Origin Currency	US Dollar (USD)
1	Apple	$ 383 billion	$ 383 billion	$ 96.9 billion	$ 96.9 billion
2	Alphabet	$ 307 billion	$ 307 billion	$ 73.7 billion	$ 73.7 billion
3	Microsoft Corporation	$ 211 billion	$ 211 billion	$ 72.3 billion	$ 72.3 billion
4	Facebook	$ 134.9 billion	$ 134.9 billion	$ 39 billion	$ 39 billion
5	Amazon	$ 574 billion	$ 574 billion	$ 33 billion	$ 33 billion
6	NVIDIA	$ 60.9 billion	$ 60.9 billion	$ 29.7 billion	$ 29.7 billion
7	Taiwan Semiconductor	TWD 2,153 billion	$ 64.6 billion	TWD 838 billion	$ 25.1 billion
8	Tencent Corporation	RMB 609 billion	$ 85 billion	RMB 118 billion	$ 16.5 billion
9	Broadcom	$ 35.8 billion	$ 35.8 billion	$ 14 billion	$ 14 billion
10	Cisco Systems	$ 56.7 billion	$ 56.7 billion	$ 12.6 billion	$ 12.6 billion
11	HUAWEI	RMB 704 billion	$ 98.5 billion	RMB 86.9 billion	$ 12 billion
12	Samsung Electronic	$ 198 billion	$ 198 billion	$ 11.8 billion	$ 11.8 billion
13	Oracle Corporation	$ 52,9 billion	$ 52,9 billion	$ 10.4 billion	$ 10.4 billion
14	Alibaba Group	$ 130 billion	$ 130 billion	$ 9.8 billion	$ 9.8 billion
15	ASML	EUR 27.5 billion	$ 30.5 billion	EUR 7.8 billion	$ 8.6 billion
16	IBM	$ 61.8 billion	$ 61.8 billion	$ 7.5 billion	$ 7.5 billion
17	Sony	JPY 13,020 billion	$ 89 billion	JPY 980 billion	$ 6.7 billion
18	FOXCONN	TWD 6,162 billion	$ 184 billion	TWD 142 billion	$ 4.26 billion
19	Hitachi	JPY 9,728 billion	$ 67.1 billion	JPY 589 billion	$ 4 billion
20	Dell Technologies	$ 88.4 billion	$ 88.4 billion	$ 3.2 billion	$ 3.2 billion
21	Intel Corporation	$ 54.2 billion	$ 54.2 billion	$ 1.6 billion	$ 1.6 billion
Source: Annual Report, 2023
Origin Currency: Currency Which Officially Used in Annual Report of 2023
US Dollar: Converted Currency from Origin Currency into US Dollar Based on Currency Rate
Currency Rates:
	1 Taiwan Dollar (TWD) = 0.03 US Dollar (USD)
	1 Renminbi (RMB) = 0.14 US Dollar (USD)
	1 Japanese Yen (JPY) = 0.0069 US Dollar (USD)
	1 Euro (EUR) = 1.11 US Dollar (USD)

 

The Rank of the companies above is based on the Net income/ profit in 2023. This data was obtained from the Income statement of the company in 2023. The income statement, basically, describes the revenue, cost of goods sold, and income/loss of the company in a specific period. In this article, the income statement showed the business performance of the company in the period of 2023.  

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Brief Description of 20 World’s Largest Technology Companies in 2023

1. Apple Inc

Apple Inc. is an American technology company and become the leader in the technology industry. Many people in the world know this company with unique products and can influence the way of people’s habits. Some of Apple’s products are iPhone, Mac, iPad, and Wearables, Home, and Accessories (Air Pods, Apple TV, Apple Watch, Beats products, Home Pod, iPod touch).

Historically, Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs, and Ronald Wayne started this company. Steve Wozniak and Jobs became the major contributors to shaping this company.  Steve Jobs has developed this company since its establishment, and he comes back as a hero when awakening this company from the crisis. Nowadays, under the guidance of Tim Cook, this company strives to stabilize its performance from time to time. Financially, in 2023, this company has assets of around $352 billion and liabilities of around $290 billion. Meanwhile, the business performance of Apple is still on the right way because they can gain net income. Financially, in 2023, the company gained revenue of around $383 billion and a net income of around $96.9 billion.

2. Alphabet

Alphabet Inc. is an American holding technology company that has a primary office in Googleplex, Mountain View, California. This company was known for holding Google, Android, and YouTube, some technology companies include Calico, X Development, Nest, and others. Historically, Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin with the “google” search engine as the first project in competing with yahoo and the others. With tireless effort, Google can become the king of search engines on the internet and can expand and diversify with other products. YouTube, Gmail, Google Cloud, Google Maps, and others are some Google products, and some people used some google products.

Financially, in 2023, the company has assets of around $402 Billion with liabilities of around $119 Billion. This data was obtained from the balance sheet of the company in 2023. Based on the business performance in 2023, the company gained revenue of around $ 307 Billion and secured a profit/ net income of $ 73.7 Billion.

3. Microsoft Corporation

Microsoft Corporation is one of the largest technology companies in 2023. Some people know this company due to the Windows Operating system (OS), Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Access, and others). Furthermore, Microsoft has some popular products including LinkedIn social media, Microsoft Azure (cloud computing), Bing (search engine), OneDrive (hosting service), Xbox, and others. Historically, this company was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. Because of its innovative products in the operating systems through Windows, this company has become the leader of operating systems in Desktop. After the Resignation of Bill Gates as the CEO, this company is led by Satya Nadella. This company has still become one of the leaders in the technology industry.

Financially, according to the annual report in 2023, this company has assets of around $ 411 billion with liabilities of around $205 billion. According to business performance in 2023, the company can get revenue of around $ 211 billion and secure a net income of around $ 72.3 billion.  

4. Meta Platforms (Facebook)

Meta Platforms, Inc. is formerly known as Facebook, Inc. (2005–2021), is a technology company that has become the leader in the social media industry. With some social media such as Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp, this company has a huge market and connects billions of people in the world. Historically, this company was founded by some people Mark Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes. Of all the co-founders, Mark Zuckerberg is the main actor that affect significantly the development of Facebook to be the most- favorable social media and guided the company to become the leader in its industry. Nowadays, this company has main office in Menlo Park, California, U.S. Along with huge progress of internet industries, the company developed the Metaverse as the new platform in the future.

Financially, in 2023, the company has assets of around $ 229 billion and liabilities of around $ 76.4 billion. According to business performance in 2023, the company gained revenue of around $134.9 billion and secured profit/ net income of around $39 billion.

5.Samsung Electronic

Samsung is a Korean technology that is popular with some electronic device products. Basically, some of the well-known products are smartphones, and LED TVs. Furthermore, Samsung also manufactures some electronic components such as lithium-ion batteries, semiconductors, image sensors, camera modules, and displays for their clients.  Founded in Suwon, South Korea on January 13th, 1969, this company has huge parts in electronic and technology industries across the countries. Their products can be accepted by people in the world. Nowadays, along with the development of its business, Samsung has 247 thousand employees across the nation.

Financially, in 2023, according to the balance sheet, Samsung has assets of around $3489 billion with liabilities of around $ 70.6 billion. According to business performance in 2023, Samsung gained revenue of around $ 198 billion with a secured net income of around $ 11.8 billion.

6. Tencent Holdings Ltd

Tencent is one of the global leaders in internet and technology companies. Since its founding in 1998, this Shenzhen-based company has become a giant in the technology industry. Some of developing artificial intelligence, frontier technology, some digital content (Tencent games, Tencent video, Tencent news, and others), fintech services (WeChat, QQ Wallet, Tencent Blockchain), tools (Tencent Mobile manager, Tencent Map, QQ browser, and others).

 

Financially, in 2023, this company has assets around RMB 1,577 billion or equivalent with $ 220 billion and liabilities around RMB 703 billion/ $ 98.4 Billion. Based on the business performance in 2023, the company gained around RMB 609 billion, or equivalent to $85 Billion. Furthermore, the company gained a net income of RMB 118 billion, or equivalent to $ 16.5 billion.

7. Intel Corporation

Intel is the leader in the chip processor industry. Some of us know its products in processor products (Laptop, Personal Computers, and some devices). Basically, this company has innovations in cloud computing, data canter, Internet of Things, and PC solutions. Historically, this company was founded by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce in 1968. Nowadays, intel has its main office in Santa Clara, California. 

Financially, in 2023, the company has assets of around $191 billion and liabilities of around $ 81.6 billion. Furthermore, in 2023, the business of Intel is still in the right direction with gaining revenue of around $ 54.2 billion and secured net income of around $1.6 billion.

8. Taiwan Semiconductor

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) is known as one of the leaders in semiconductor companies. Historically, this company was founded by Morris Chang in 1987 and has its main office in Hsinchu Science Park, Taiwan. Basically, this company has partnerships with some global technology companies including AMD, Apple, ARM, Broadcom, Marvell, MediaTek, and Nvidia in the semiconductor business.

Financially, in 2023, this company has assets around New Taiwan Dollar (NT$) 4,874 billion or equivalent with $ 146 Billion and liabilities around New Taiwan Dollar (NT$) 1,415 billion or equivalent with $ 42.4 billion. Based on the business performance in 2023, the company gained revenue of New Taiwan Dollar (NT$) 2,153 billion or equivalent to $ 64.6 billion and gained net income of around New Taiwan Dollar (NT$) 838 billion or equivalent to $ 25.1 billion.

9.Cisco Systems

Cisco Systems, Inc. is one of the largest technology companies that is popular with hardware and software of Networking system. Historically, this company was founded by Leonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner in 1984 and nowadays has main office in San Jose, California.

 

Financially, in 2023, this company has assets around $ 101 billion and liabilities around $ 57.4 billion. Based on the business performance in 2023, the company gained revenue around $ 56.7 billion and net income around $ 12.6 billion.

10. Oracle Corporation

Oracle Corporation is a global technology company that has popular products of enterprise software, business software, cloud computing, and computer hardware. Historically, this company was founded by Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates. Operationally, this company has main office in Austin, Texas. 

Financially, in 2023, this company has assets around $ 140 Billion and liabilities around $131 Billion. Based on the business performance in 2023, the company can gain revenue around revenue $ 52.9 billion and secure net income around $ 10.4 billion.

11.Sony

Sony is one of the largest companies in the world. Historically, this company was founded in Nihonbashi, Chūō, Tokyo, in 1946 by Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita. Nowadays, this company has its main office in Sony City, Minato, Tokyo. Basically, this company is popular for some of its innovative electronic products, video games, smartphones, and others.

Financially, in 2023, this company has assets around JPY (¥) 34,100 billion or equivalent with $ 235 billion and liabilities around JPY (¥) 26,351 billion or equivalent with $ 181 billion. Based on the business performance in 2023, the company gained revenue around JPY (¥) 13,020 billion or equivalent with $ 89 Billion.  Based on the business performance in 2023, the company also secured a profit/ net income around JPY (¥) 980 billion or equivalent with $ 6.7 billion.  

12.IBM

International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is a global technology company that is popular with some popular software IBM Cloud, IBM Cognos Analytics, IBM Planning Analytics, SQL, Watson Information, SPSS, and others. Financially, in 2023, the company has assets around $ 135 billion with liabilities around $ 112 billion. According to business performance in 2023, the company gained revenue around $ 61.8 billion and net income around $ 7.5 billion.

13.Dell Technologies

Dell Technologies is a global technology company that is popular with some hardware devices (laptop, personal computers), cloud computing, data storage. Historically, this company was founded on September 7th, 2015, by Michael Dell. Nowadays, this company has main office in Round Rock, Texas, U.S.A.

Financially, in 2023, the company has assets of around $ 82 Billion and liabilities of around $ 84.3 billion. Based on the business performance in 2023, the company gained revenue of around $ 88.4 billion and secured net income around $ 3.2 billion.

14.Hitachi

Hitachi, Ltd is Japanese global technology company that has poplar with electronic devices, Construction machinery, Défense systems, and other products. Historically, this company was founded by Namihei Odaira in 1910.  Operationally, this company has main office in Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

Financially, in 2023, Hitachi has assets around assets JPY (¥) 12,221 billion or equivalent with $ 84 billion and liabilities around JPY (¥) 6,518 billion or equivalent with $ 44 billion. Based on the business performance in 2023, the company gained revenue of around JPY (¥) 9,728 billion or equivalent to $ 67 billion and net income of around JPY (¥) 589 billion or equivalent to $ 4 billion.  

15.Foxconn

Hon Hai Technology Group (Foxconn) is an electronic manufacturer that gives some technological solutions. This company has not only expanded in software and hardware development but also in several business, namely electric vehicles, digital health and robotics, electric vehicles, digital health and robotics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), semiconductors, and new-generation communications technology, and the others.

Financially, in 2023, the company has assets around New Taiwan Dollar (NT$) 3,939 billion or equivalent with $ 118 billion and liabilities around New Taiwan Dollar (NT$) 2,353 billion or equivalent with $ 70 billion. According to its performance in 2023, the company can gain revenue New Taiwan Dollar (NT$) 6,162 billion or equivalent with $ 184 Billion and net income New Taiwan Dollar (NT$) 142 billion or equivalent with $ 4.26 billion.

16. Amazon

American multinational technology company, focused on e-commerce, cloud computing, online advertising, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence. Historically, Amazon was founded on July 5, 1994, by Jeff Bezos. In the beginning, Amazon focused on the development of the e-commerce platform Amazon.com.

Amazon.com is an e-commerce platform that sells many product lines, including media (books, movies, music, and software), apparel, baby products, consumer electronics, and others. Along with business development, Amazon owns over 100 subsidiary companies, including Amazon Web Services, Audible, Diapers.com, Goodreads, IMDb, Kiva Systems (now Amazon Robotics), One Medical, Shopbop, Teachstreet, Twitch, Zappos, and Zoox.

Financially, in 2023, The assets of Amazon reached $ 527 billion with total liabilities around $ 325 billion. Meanwhile, based on the business performance, the revenue of Amazon reached $ 574 billion and successfully gained net Income of around $ 33 billion.

17. Alibaba

Alibaba is a Chinese multinational company that specializes in e-commerce and technology. Until now, Alibaba has been one of the biggest e-commerce companies in the world. The company owns and operates diverse businesses around the world in various sectors. Based on its history, Alibaba was founded by Jack Ma and Peng Lei in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China on April 4, 1999. 

Along with the company's business development, until now the company has employed around 66 thousand employees worldwide and has operations in more than 200 countries in the world. As of 2022, Alibaba group has some diversified business in some sectors. These businesses include China commerce, international commerce, Local consumer services, Cainiao, Cloud, Digital media and entertainment, Innovation initiatives and others. China commerce segment includes China commerce retail businesses such as Taobao, Tmall, Taobao Deals, Taocaicai, Freshippo, Tmall Supermarket, Sun Art, Tmall Global, Alibaba Health, and 1688.com. Secondly, International commerce segment consist of international commerce retail and wholesale businesses such as Lazada, AliExpress, Trendyol, Daraz and Alibaba.com

Based on the financial conditions and business performance in 2023, the Alibaba Group has total assets of $ 244 billion with total liabilities was around $ 90.3 billion. Meanwhile, based on the business performance in 2023, the Alibaba group gained revenue of $ 130 billion with total net Income of $ 9.8 billion.

18. Huawei

Financially, in 2023, the financial condition of Huawei reached RMB 1,263 billion / $ 176 billion with total liabilities of RMB 756 billion / $ 105 billion. Based on the business performance in 2023, Huawei successfully gained revenue of RMB 704 billion / $ 98.5 billion with total net Income of RMB 86.9 billion / $ 12 billion.

19. NVDIA

NVIDIA Corporation or commonly known as NVIDIA is one of the largest technology companies which was founded on April 5, 1993, by Jensen Huang, Chris Malachowsky, and Curtis Priem. Commonly, NVIDIA is still popular with some the GPU, the graphics processing unit, which changed the graphical performance in computing industry. Operationally, NVDIA still has main office in Santa Clara, California, United States. Along with business development, more than 40,000 companies use NVIDIA AI technologies. Some of the products of NVIDIA, namely NVIDIA Omniverse™ platform, RTX (Professional Visualization), CUDA, GeForce, NVIDIA DRIVE Hyperion platform (Automotive).

NVIDIA has good positive performance in 2023. Financially, the total assets of NVIDIA in 2023 reached $ 65.7 billion   with total liabilities of $ 22.7 billion. Meanwhile, based on the business performance in 2023, NVIDIA successfully gained revenue of $ 60.9 billion and gained net Income of $ 29.7 billion.

20. Broadcom

Broadcom Inc. is an American multinational designer, developer, manufacturer, and global supplier a wide range of semiconductor and infrastructure software products. Specifically, the semiconductor portfolio of Broadcom includes data center switches and routers, set-top/CMTS, cable modems, PON/DSL, Ethernet NICs, filters and amplifiers, ASIC, wireless connectivity solutions, embedded processors, HDD/SSD controllers, enterprise SAS/SATA/Fibre Channel connectivity, optical isolation/motion encoders/LEDs, and fiber optic solutions. Its infrastructure software portfolio includes enterprise solutions for building, connecting, managing, and securing complex digital environments. Historically, Broadcom was founded in 1961 with headquartered in Stanford Research Park, Palo Alto, California.

Based on the business performance and financial conditions in 2023. Broadcom successfully gained revenue of   $ 35.8 billion and Net Income of $ 14 billion. Furthermore, the broadcom has total assets of $ 72 billion with total liabilities of   $ 48.8 billion.  

21. ASML

Advanced Semiconductor Materials Lithography or ASML Holding N.V.  is Dutch technology company, as a joint venture between the Dutch companies ASM and Philips, founded in 1984 with headquartered in Veldhoven, Netherlands. Commonly, ASML focuses on the development and manufacturing of photolithography machines, which are used to produce computer chips. 

Based on the financial condition in 2023, the ASML has assets of EUR 39.9 billion / $ 44 billion with total liabilities of EUR 26.5 billion / $ 29.4 billion. Based on the business performance in 2023, the revenue of ASML reached EUR 27.5 billion / $ 30.5 billion with Net Income of EUR 7.8 billion / $ 8.6 billion.

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The Summary of World’s Largest Technology Companies in 2023

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Bibliography of 20 World’s Largest Technology Companies

Apple. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://investor.apple.com/investor-relations/default.aspx on August 1st, 2024.

Alphabet. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://abc.xyz/investor/  on August 1st, 2024.

Microsoft Corporation. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/Investor/annual-reports.aspx  on August 1st, 2024.

Meta Platforms (Facebook). 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://investor.fb.com/financials/default.aspx   on August 1st, 2024.

Samsung Electronics. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://www.samsung.com/global/ir/reports-disclosures/sustainability-reports/  on August 1st, 2024.

Tencent Corporation. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://www.tencent.com/en-us/investors/financial-reports.html  on August 1st, 2024.

Intel Corporation. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://www.intc.com/filings-reports/annual-reports  on August 1st, 2024.

Taiwan Semiconductor. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://investor.tsmc.com/english/annual-reports on August 1st, 2024.

Cisco Systems. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/about/annual-reports.html   on August 1st, 2024.

Oracle Corporation. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://investor.oracle.com/financials/default.aspx   on August 1st, 2024.

Sony. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/IR/library/ar/Archive.html  on August 1st, 2024.

IBM. 2024. Annual Report 2023. via https://www.ibm.com/investor/financials/financial-reporting  on August 1st, 2024.

Dell Technologies. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://investors.delltechnologies.com/  on August 1st, 2024.

Hitachi. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://www.hitachi.com/IR-e/library/integrated/index.html  on on August 1st, 2024.

Foxconn. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://www.honhai.com/en-us/investor-relations/financial-information/annual-reports on August 1st, 2024.

Alibaba Group. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via  https://www.alibabagroup.com/en-US/ir-financial-reports-financial-results    on August 1st, 2024.

NVDIA. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://investor.nvidia.com/financial-info/annual-reports-and-proxies/default.aspx on August 1st, 2024.

Broadcom. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://investors.broadcom.com/financial-information/annual-reports on August 1st, 2024.

ASML. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://www.asml.com/en/investors/annual-report on August 1st, 2024.

Amazon. 2024. Annual Report 2023. Accessed via https://ir.aboutamazon.com/annual-reports-proxies-and-shareholder-letters/default.aspx on August 1st, 2024.